preterm infants

prolonged jaundice

g6pd deficiency

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency(G6PD) is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease characterized by abnormally low levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, a metabolic enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, especially important in red blood cell metabolism. 

Individuals with the disease may exhibit nonimmune hemolytic anemia in response to a number of causes, most commonly infection or exposure to certain medications or fava beans. 

The World Health Organization classifies G6PD genetic variants into five classes, the first three of which are deficiency states.^[2]

1. Severe deficiency (<10% activity) with chronic (nonspherocytic) hemolytic anemia
2. Severe deficiency (<10% activity), with intermittent hemolysis
3. Mild deficiency (10-60% activity), hemolysis with stressors only
4. Non-deficient variant, no clinical sequelae
5. Increased enzyme activity, no clinical

Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are asymptomatic.

Symptomatic patients are almost exclusively male, due to the X-linked pattern of inheritance, but female carriers can be clinically affected due to unfavorable lyonization, where random inactivation of an X-chromosome in certain cells creates a population of G6PD-deficient red blood cells coexisting with normal red cells. A typical female with one affected X chromosome will show the deficiency in approximately half of her red blood cells. However, in rare cases, including double X deficiency, the ratio can be much more than half, making the individual almost as sensitive as a male.

Abnormal red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis) in G6PD deficiency can manifest in a number of ways, including the following:

• Prolonged neonatal jaundice, possibly leading to kernicterus (arguably the most serious complication of G6PD deficiency)
• Hemolytic crises in response to:
  • Illness (especially infections)
  • Certain drugs (see below)
  • Certain foods, most notably broad beans
  • Certain chemicals
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Very severe crises can cause acute renal failure

 Antimalarial drugs that can cause acute hemolysis in people with G6PD deficiency includeprimaquine, pamaquine, and chloroquine. There is evidence that other antimalarials may also exacerbate G6PD deficiency, but only at higher doses. Sulfonamides (such as sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxazole, and mafenide), thiazolesulfone, methylene blue, and naphthalene should also be avoided by people with G6PD deficiency, as should certain analgesics (such as aspirin,phenazopyridine, and acetanilide) and a few non-sulfa antibiotics (nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, isoniazid, dapsone, andfurazolidone)

        

developmental assessment more than 1 year

developmental assessment below 1 year

below 1 year

feeding in neonate

daftar kematian

hypoglycemia in neonate

another hypoglycemia cases

other cases of hypo

neonatal jaundice

immediate care for symptomatic infant

Immediate Care for Symptomatic infants

• Investigations are necessary as indicated and include:
• Blood gases.
normal range:

• Blood glucose (dextrostix)
hypoglycemia if cbs < 2.6 mmol/L but some centre they use cbs 3.0. look for any jitteriness of upper or lower limbs. will be discussed later..

• Full blood count with differential WBC and IT ratio (if possible)
normal range fbc:

• Blood culture.
• CXR (if respiratory signs and symptoms are present)
• Start on 10% dextrose drip.
• Correct anaemia.
usually we give packed cell 10ml/kg...and iv lasix 1mg in between transfusion.
frusemide dose:   0.5 - 1.0  mg/kg intravenously over 20 minutes.

• Correct hypotension (keep mean arterial pressure (MAP) > gestational age
(GA) in wks). Ensure hyperventilation is not present (a cause of hypotension).
If the baby has good tone and is active, observe first as the BP may rise after
first few hours of life towards a MAP approximating GA in weeks.
• Correct hypovolaemia: Give 10 ml/kg of Normal Saline over 20-30 mins, or
packed cells if anaemic. Avoid repeat fluid boluses unless there is volume loss.
• Start inotrope infusion if hypotension persists after volume correction.
• Start antibiotics after taking cultures e.g. Penicillin and Gentamycin
• Start IV Aminophylline or caffeine in premature infants <32-34 weeks.
• Maintain SaO₂ at 89-92% and PaO₂ at 50 –70 mmHg.